-
- Repeats the same sounds
- Frequently coos, gurgles, and makes pleasure sounds
- Uses a different cry to express different needs
- Smiles when spoken to
- Recognizes voices
- Localizes sound by turning head
- Listens to speech
- Uses the phonemes /b/, /p/, and /m/ in babbling
- Reaches for objects with one hand but often misses
- Blows bubbles on lips
- Visually tracks people and objects
-
- Understands ‘No’ and ‘Hot’
- Responds to simple requests
- Understands and responds to own name
- Listens to and imitates some sounds
- Recognizes words for common items (cup, shoe, juice)
- Babbles using long and short groups of sounds
- Uses a song-like intonation when babbling
- Imitates some adult speech sounds and intonation patterns
- Uses speech rather than only crying to get attention
- Listens when spoken to
- Uses sound approximations
- Begins to change babbling to jargon
- Uses speech intentionally for the first time
- Uses nouns most exclusively
- Has an expressive vocabulary of 1 to 3 words
- Understands simple commands
- Attempts to feed self with a spoon
- Attempts to imitate gestures
- Drinks from a cup
- Holds own bottle
- Plays ball with a partner
- Enjoys games like ‘peek-a-boo’ and ‘pat-a-cake’
- Uses a primitive grasp for writing, bangs crayons rather than writes
- Cooperates with dressing, puts foot out for shoe, and places arms through sleeves
-
- Uses adult like intonation patterns
- Uses echolalia (whole or partial repetition of another speaker) and jargon (strings of unintelligible sounds with adult-like intonations)
- Uses jargon to fill in gaps in fluency
- Omits some initial consonants and almost all final consonants
- Produces mostly unintelligible speech
- Follows simple commands
- Receptively identifies 1 to 3 body parts
- Has an expressive vocabulary of 3 to 20 or more words
- Combines gestures and vocalization
- Makes requests for “more” of desired items (more juice, more bubbles)
- Points to recognized objects
- Imitates gestures
- Removes some clothing items (socks, hat)
-
- Uses words more frequently than jargon
- Has an expressive vocabulary of 50 to 100 or more words
- Has a receptive vocabulary of 300 or more words
- Starts to combine nouns and verbs
- Begins to use pronouns
- Maintains unstable voice control
- Uses appropriate intonation for questions
- Is approximately 50% intelligible to strangers by 2 years old
- Answers ‘what’s that’ questions
- Enjoys listening to stories
- Knows 5 body parts
- Accurately names a few familiar objects
- Uses pull toys
- Strings beads
- Enjoys playing with clay
- Rotates head while walking
- Reaches automatically with primary concern on manipulation of object
- Seats self in child’s chair
-
- Speech is 50-75% intelligible
- Understands ‘one’ and ‘all’
- Verbalizes toilet needs (before, during or after act)
- Requests items by name
- Points to pictures in a book when named
- Identifies several body parts
- Follows simple commands and answers simple questions
- Enjoys listening to short stories, songs and rhymes
- Asks 1-2 word questions
- Use 3-4 word phrases
- Uses some prepositions, articles, present progressive verbs (ex. walking), regular plurals, contractions, and irregular past tense forms (ex. threw)
- Uses words that are general in context
- Continues use of echolalia when difficulties in speech are encountered
- Has a receptive vocabulary of 500-900 or more words
- Has an Expressive vocabulary of 50-250 or more words (rapid growth during this period)
- Exhibits multiple grammatical errors
- Understands most things said to him or her
- Frequently exhibits repetitions-especially starters,’I’, and first syllables.
- Speaks with a loud voice
- Increases range of pitch
- Uses vowels correctly
- Consistently uses initial consonants (some are misarticulated)
- Frequently omits medial consonants
- Frequently omits or substitutes final consonants
- Uses approximately 27 phonemes
- Uses auxiliary is including the contracted form
- Uses some regular past tense verbs (ex. Kicked), possessive, pronouns and imperatives (i.e. commands)
- Begins developing rhythm
- Turns pages one by one or two to three at a time
- Folds paper roughly in half on imitation
- Scribbles
- Drinks from a full glass with one hand
- Chews food
- Undresses self
-
- Understands object functions
- Understands differences in meanings (stop-go, in-on, big-little)
- Follows 2- and 3- part commands
- Asks and answers simple questions
- Frequently asks questions and demands detail in response
- Produces simple verbal analogies
- Uses language to express emotion
- Uses 4-5 words in a sentence
- Repeats 6 to 13 syllable sentences accurately
- Identifies objects by name
- Manipulates adults and peers
- May continue to use echolalia
- Uses up to 6 words in a sentence
- Uses nouns and verbs most frequently
- Is conscious of past and future
- Has a 1,200-2000 or more receptive vocabulary
- Has a 800-1,500 or more word expressive vocabulary
- Increases speech rate
- Whispers
- Masters 50% of consonants and blends
- Speech is 80% intelligible
- Sentence grammar improves, although some errors still persist
- Appropriately use is, are, and am in sentences
- Tells two events in chronological order
- Engages in long conversations
- Uses some contractions, irregular plurals (ex. Men), future tense verbs, and conjunctions
- Consistently uses regular plurals, possessives and simple past tense verbs
- Turns pages one at a time
- Runs and plays active games with abandonment
- Traces a square, copies a circle, and imitates horizontal strokes
- Puts on own shoes, but not necessarily the correct foot
- Uses a spoon without spilling
-
- Understands concepts of numbers up to 3
- Continues understanding of spatial concepts
- Recognizes 1 to 3 colors
- Has receptive vocabulary of 2,800 or more words
- Counts to 10 by rote
- Listens to short, simple stories
- Answers questions about function
- Uses grammatically correct sentences
- Has an expressive vocabulary of 900-2,000 or more words
- Uses sentences of 4 to 8 words
- Answers complex 2-part questions
- Asks for word definitions
- Speaks at a rate of 186 words per minute
- Reduces total number of repetitions
- Enjoys rhymes, rhythms and nonsense syllables
- Produces consonants with 90% accuracy
- Significantly reduces number of persistent sound omissions and substitutions
- Frequently omits medial consonants
- Speech is usually intelligible to strangers
- Talks about experiences at school, at friends’ homes, etc.
- Accurately relays a long story
- Pays attention to a story and answers simple questions about it
- Uses some irregular plurals, possessive pronouns, future tense, reflexive pronouns, and comparative -er (ex. Faster) in sentences
- Pushes, pulls and steers wheeled toys
- Uses toilet independently
- Skips to music
- Releases objects with precision
- Draws circles, diamonds and crosses
- Enjoys cutting and pasting
-
- Names 6 basic colors and 3 basic shapes
- Follows instructions given to a group
- Follows 3-part commands
- Asks ‘how’ questions
- Answers verbally to ‘hi’ and ‘how are you?’
- Uses past tense and future tense appropriately
- Uses conjunctions
- Has receptive vocabulary of approximately 13,000 words
- Names opposites
- Sequentially names days of the week
- Counts to 30 by rote
- Continues to drastically increase vocabulary
- Reduces sentence length to 4-6 words
- Reverses sounds occasionally
- Exchanges information and asks questions
- Uses sentences with details
- Accurately relays a story
- Sings entire songs and recites nursery rhymes
- Communicates easily with adults and other children
- Uses appropriate grammar in most cases
- Prints a few capital letters
- Builds complex structures with blocks
- Buttons clothes, washes face and puts toys away
- Reaches and grasps in one continuous movement
- Catches a ball with hands
- Makes precise marks with crayon, confining marks to a small area
-
- Names some letters, numbers and currencies
- Sequences numbers
- Understands ‘left’ and ‘right’
- Uses increasingly more complex descriptions
- Engages in conversations
- Has a receptive vocabulary of approximately 20,000 words
- Uses a sentence length of approximately 6 words
- Understands most concepts of time
- Recites the alphabet
- Counts to 100 by rote
- Uses most morphologic markers appropriately
- Uses passive voice appropriately
- Shows reduced interest in writing and drawing
- Draws recognizable man, tree, and house
- Uses adult like writing, but it is slow and labored
- Draws pictures that are not proportional
- Colors within lines
- Indicates well established right or left handedness
- Dresses self completely
- Follows advanced rhythms
Information from: Shipley, K and McAfee, J. (1998)
Assessment in Speech Language Pathology: A Resource Manual 2nd edition.
San Diego: Singular publishing Group, Inc.
Website Links:
American Speech & Hearing Association